WAEC AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE (PRACTICAL) 2014

Abraham Lincoln brings us enduring wisdom in a nutshell.

Abraham Lincoln is very much in the news these days, with examinations of his character, his actions, and his leadership style. It got me to thinking: some of the most enduring Lincoln quotes bring us wisdom in a nutshell. Here are my top 10: 1. “It is true that you may fool all of the people some of the time; you can even fool some of the people all of the time; but you can't fool all of the people all of the time.” 2. "Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.” 3. “Character is like a tree and reputation its shadow. The shadow is what we think it is and the tree is the real thing.” 4. “I don't like that man. I must get to know him better.” 5. “He has a right to criticize, who has a heart to help.” 6. “I am not concerned that you have fallen -- I am concerned that you arise.” 7. “The probability that we may fail in the struggle ought not to deter us from the support of a cause we believe to be just.” 8. “Commitment is what transforms a promise into reality.” 9. “No man is good enough to govern another man without that other’s consent.” 10. “If you once forfeit the confidence of your fellow citizens, you can never regain their respect and esteem.” OK. 10 wasn’t enough, so here are a 5 more: 11. “The best way to predict your future is to create it” 12. “Those who look for the bad in people will surely find it.” 13. “Live a good life. In the end it is not the years in a life, but the life in the years.” 14. “People are just as happy as they make up their minds to be.” 15. “Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.”

"A WOMAN IN HER PRIME"by asare konadu:as an account of aspiration,disappointment and fulfilment in the life of pokuwaa,in the story

Woman is a critical novel of village life with a progressive message that is modern but not reactionary. [ It deals with the problems of an African woman, Pokuwaa, who is in her 30s and has not had any children, considered a tragic condition by her society, not least by her mother. She has fired two husbands for this reason and her third, Kwadwo, is fearful of losing her. He loves her for her own sake: she has grown up to be a strong person and a good farmer. It is Kwadwo who provides the unconditional acceptance that helps her to resist the psychological pressure of her life (although the author understates this nicely). Abetted by her obsessed mother Pokuwaa has been visiting various shamans and healers. But the omens are never good. When lightening strikes and burns an old tree near the village there is ominous talk of looking about for a witch. Pokuwaa's mother sees things the old way and is much alarmed. The last straw for Pokuwaa is when she comes across the body of a man near her farm. Out of fear, she doesn't say anything, letting the men go out and find the missing man themselves. A dire episode indeed. But the last straw is a good thing for Pokuwaa. She gives up on the magic, on the theories of fate. She decides that she must just let life run its course. She gives up her burden. Ah, but this is a West African 60s novel, all 107 pages. So in no time at all she is pregnant and lives happily ever after. I think that Konadu wanted to make the point that a woman needn't have a child to be fulfilled (at least, no more than a man does): she comes to peace with herself first, gets pregnant after. But his view is that the traditional folkloric account that defined the emotional regime under which Pokuwaa lived was oppressing her, and perhaps contributing to her problems. That is, his target was not so much sexism as superstition, although he understood the negative social consequences for women of magical explanation.

Review: Women of Owu by Femi Osofisan

Review: Women of Owu by Femi Osofisan
March 4, 2011
tags: Femi Osofisan, Nigeria

Title: Women of Owu
Author: Osofisan, Femi
Length: 78 pages
Genre: Fiction, Play, History
Publisher / Year: University Press PLC, Ibadan / 2006
Source: Book Depository
Rating: 3.5/5
Why I Read It: I heard about Osofisan somewhere and picked up this and Who’s Afraid of Solarin?.
Date Read: 03/03/11

This was the second play I’ve read this year, both of which were by Osofisan. Unfortunately I did not love this one as much, but I still found it very interesting. This play is an African retelling of Euripides’ The Trojan Women and I also suspect that I would have gotten a lot more from this play had I read the original.

As per the notes on the play, Owu was a city-state in the south of current Nigeria which was under siege for seven years by the combined armies of Ijebu and Ife, as well as mercenaries recruited from the Oyo refugees. The city was attacked under the guise of liberating a market from their control but in the end all men and children were murdered, women were taken as slaves, and the city was burned to the ground.

The play would be fantastic to see live, I’m sure, as it is not only a play but also full of music and dirges. These dirges are transcribed and translated in the back but as the author notes, ‘their essence is to be distilled more from the mood and atmosphere they create’ so simply reading the translated lyrics really doesn’t do them justice. Simply reading them and imagining them sung, especially as they fit in to the play itself, is still rather evocative and one can get a sense of what an experience the live play would be.

Although based on a play which was written so long ago, and based on events that happened over a hundred years ago, the events discussed still feel so current to our own times. I especially liked this quote found on page 8:

Woman: Nowadays,
When the strong fight the weak, it’s called
A Libeartion War
To free the weak from oppression.

And similarly the following exchange on page 13:

Woman: Liars! You came, you said
To help free our people from a wicked king. Now,
After your liberation, here we are
With our spirits broken and our faces swollen
Waiting to be turned into whores and housemaids
In your towns. I too, I curse you!

Erelu: Savages! You claim to be more civilized than us
But did you have to carry out all this killing and carnage
To show you are stronger than us? Did you
Have to plunge all these women here into mourning
Just to seize control over our famous Apomu market
Known all over for its uncommon merchandise?

Woman: No, Erulu, what are you saying?
Are you forgetting?
They do not want our market at all-

Woman: They are not interested in such petty things
As profit-

Woman: Only in lofty, lofty ideas, like freedom-

Woman: Or human rights-

…

Woman: Bless the kindness which has rescued us
From tyranny in order to plunge us into slavery!

A rather long excerpt but one that many would still hold happens all the world over today. We still hear the same laments and curses!

There were also interesting discussions about who is really in charge of your destiny. Do the gods control everything? There is an interesting exchange where they simply create more and more war. Or is it men who are in control or their own fates and the gods not important? Both ideas are presented and differing characters hold differing views.

What bothered me was of course what sets the play in its ultimate comparison to Euripides’ play. Iyunloye is the Helen in this play and the situation where the other women are calling her out as an adulteress and she is bargaining for her rights is… well… slightly repugnant to me. The way it is portrayed is that one look at her and the Maye won’t be able to stick to his plan of punishing her. She is willy and tricky and seeks to control men through her looks. She has indeed been used as a bargaining chip by both sides and is equally blamed by both sides. It really didn’t seem all that fair to me!

A lot to think on in this play that I really haven’t even touched. Definitely worth reading and I would recommend it to all.

10% off Books from Charles Bossom at AbeBooks

Custom Entertainment Solutions

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND THE WAY FORWARD by Ochai Donatus

         Environmental sustainability is the ability of individual, Government and group of people to develop policy that can used to make the environment a place to call home.But if we look at the activity of man on earth,it has destroyed  this policy and thereby causing harm to man and other organism staying on the earth surface. Below are some of the problems caused by the inability of man to sustain his environment.

1. Outbreak of disease:- If we refuse to take proper care of our environment,it will lead to outbreak of diseases like cholera, diarrhea and dysentery. If this problem is not properly managed ,it may lead to death.
2.Erosion:- This is the washing  away of the uppermost part of the soil .The effect of  erosion can be reduced if we develop the proper way of disposing refuse in the right place.
3. Flooding:- /This is very bad because it has taken many lives in this country.Flooding is caused as a result of we not allowing water to follow the normal channel it is supposed to to flow through and this is as a result of building on the water ways or water channels.
4. Ozone depletion:- This is normally caused as a result of man's activities on earth,especially when tree are being cut down by man in the forest without replacing it. The effect of this problem is that at times it leads to desert encroachment or desertification.
5. Pollution:- This, also, makes the environment in-conducive for man to live,because this problem always lead to water pollution or air pollution which leads to breathing problem and so on.

Some solutions to the problems:
1. Through regular cleaning of  our environment:- This can be done if we partake in cleaning our environment daily and participating in the weekly or monthly sanitation exercise. This will help to reduce the effect of soil erosion and other environmental hazards that lead to untimely death.
2. Erecting building in the proper place but not on water channels. this can be done by getting a proper approved plan before building in order to avoid flooding.
3. Planting of trees:- This will encourage people to stay in a particular place;if the environment is not conducive,people will not like to stay in such a environment.
4. Disposing the refuse at the proper place:- When refuse are kept in the proper place,it will reduce some of the problems mentioned above.